Functional Medicine Psychiatry - Getting to the Root Cause of Mental Illness

This episode explores how functional medicine approaches mental health by identifying and treating underlying physiological causes rather than just symptoms.

1. Root Causes Emphasis: The episode emphasizes the importance of addressing the root physiological causes of mental disorders, such as nutritional deficiencies, gut health, and genetic factors.
2. Functional Medicine Approach: Dr. Hyman and Dr. Greenblatt advocate for a shift from symptom-focused treatment to a model that treats the underlying causes through diet, lifestyle changes, and supplementation.
3. Personalized Treatment: Highlighting the necessity of personalized treatment plans that are tailored to individual needs based on comprehensive diagnostic testing.
4. Integrative Techniques: Discussion on the integration of both traditional and innovative methods, including the use of specific supplements like lithium and magnesium, to treat various psychiatric conditions.
5. Educational Impact: The episode serves as an educational tool for both patients and healthcare providers to understand and implement functional medicine principles in mental health care.

1: Introduction and Overview

Dr. Hyman introduces the episode and discusses the current limitations of traditional psychiatric treatments. Mark Hyman: "We're seeing a revolution in treating mental health by focusing on the body as a whole rather than just the symptoms."

2: The Functional Medicine Model

Exploration of how functional medicine can identify and treat the causes of mental health issues. James Greenblatt: "By understanding the body's biochemistry, we can tailor treatments that are much more effective."

3: Nutritional Deficiencies and Mental Health

Discussion on the impact of nutritional deficiencies on mental health and how correcting these can alleviate symptoms. Mark Hyman: "Often, simple changes in diet and supplementation can lead to significant improvements in mental health."

4: The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis

Insights into how gut health affects mental well-being and strategies for improving gut health. James Greenblatt: "The gut-brain connection is vital; improving gut health can lead to dramatic improvements in mental conditions."

5: Implementing Functional Medicine

Guidance on how patients and practitioners can implement functional medicine principles in the treatment of mental health. Mark Hyman: "It's about empowering patients and practitioners with the knowledge to use functional medicine effectively."

1. Assess Diet and Nutrition: Evaluate your dietary habits and consider nutritional testing to identify deficiencies.
2. Consider Gut Health: Explore gut health's role in your mental well-being and consider probiotics or dietary changes if necessary.
3. Supplement Wisely: Based on testing, supplement with nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, or zinc, which are often low in individuals with mental health issues.
4. Seek Specialized Testing: Look into functional medicine testing to get a clearer picture of your biochemical imbalances.
5. Educate Yourself: Learn more about how environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and genetics can impact your mental health.

The world is experiencing a mental health crisis like never before. While that is rightfully scary, it’s important to recognize that many of our daily choices can up-level our brain function and mental health. The inadequacies of current psychiatric disease and care models require urgent attention to address root causes such as nutrition, toxins, and gut health. In this episode of the podcast, I talk to Dr. James Greenblatt, who draws on his four decades of experience in studying functional psychiatry to highlight the importance of a personalized approach to mental health.

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Mark Hyman, James Greenblatt

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James Greenblatt

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Mark Hyman
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And again, the young forever cookbook comes out on Tuesday, June 4. Pre order yours today. Coming up on this episode of the. Doctor's pharmacy, between the environmental toxins, between the malnutrition, the sugar, I believe, the genetic vulnerability catching up with us, it's just a kind of perfect storm that has resulted in this mental health crisis. Although, you know, I always stress that I'm tired of hearing the term mental health crisis because I think the better term is for us, it's a crisis of care.

James Greenblatt
It's the model because it is treatable. It's not just numbers going up. Before we get into today's episode, I'd like to take a minute to remind you some exciting news. My new cookbook, the Young Forever Cookbook, will be released on Tuesday, June 4 nationwide. In my new cookbook, the Cooking Companion to my book, Young Forever, you'll find over 100 mouthwatering anti inflammatory recipes that are going to help you live a longer, healthier life.

Mark Hyman
Pre order the young Forever cookbook at young forevercookbook.com dot just click on the pre order button at the top right. I'm so excited to share these recipes with you and so much more. And again, the young forever cookbook comes out on Tuesday, June 4. Pre order yours today. Hey everyone, it's Doctor Mark.

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I think we all know that we have a mental health crisis, but we also know that our current approaches don't work. Things are getting bad, and even worse than bad for many people. And we had an amazing conversation on the doctor's pharmacy podcast with doctor James Greenblatt, who's been studying functional psychiatry for four decades plus. And even in college he was studying vitamin B three and mental health issues, and he's an expert in this. And we dove deep into how our current understanding of mental health is completely wrong, and that we are not looking at the root causes, which include nutrition, toxins, our gut microbiome, and nutritional deficiencies, and all sorts of other factors which aren't often looked at in traditional psychiatric care.

So we talk deeply about issues like add and depression, anxiety, bipolar disease, schizophrenia, even things like Alzheimer's and even eating disorders. So we get in a really beautiful conversation about what will be the future of psychiatry for everybody, but you're not hearing about it from your psychiatrist. So check out the podcast, learn more about Doctor Gimblet's work. It's quite amazing, and that was a very profound conversation for me. So I hope you like it, too, and I hope you enjoy it.

We're going to dive deep into the work you've been doing for the last decades, what it means for us today, and why it's so critical to rethink psychiatry. Great, thank you. I have hundreds of hours of content that I've been teaching, but I've really kind of boiled it down to one sentence to help psychiatrists. Just what you alluded to. We have a neck.

James Greenblatt
What connects our brain and our body. And if our mental health professionals understood that, then we could kind of make inroads into understanding what's going on. Yeah, that's such an important point, because years ago, like maybe almost 30 years ago, I started treating patients with functional medicine, and I was treating their gut, or their autoimmune disease, or their allergies, or some nutritional deficiency, or their blood sugar. The list goes on. Whatever I found, I would correct, which is what we do.

Mark Hyman
We take out the bad stuff, put in the good stuff. That's functional medicine, essentially, in a nutshell. But then I noticed all these other things were happening. The side effects were depression would go away, panic attacks would go away, bipolar disease would improve or go away. People's autism would get better, something's even go away.

Kids with add would normalize. I was like, Alzheimer's would reverse. I'm like, what the heck is going on here? So I might jokingly call myself the accidental psychiatrist. And I wrote a book about it called the ultra mind solution, which essentially is about how we need to fix our broken brains by fixing our body first.

And that's essentially what we do. So how did you kind of first kind of get the aha we were talking about back in college? You were studying with the leading thinkers and psychiatry at the time, doctor Abraham Hoffer and orthomolecular psychiatry. In fact, Linus Pauling, who won two Nobel prizes, one for discovering the structure of protein, the other for the Nobel Peace Prize for the nuclear test ban treaty. He basically wrote this paper that started the whole field called orthomolecular psychiatry, published in one of the leading science journals called science, and it was called orthomolecular psychiatry, about correcting ortho means to straighten and molecular means molecules to straighten, molecules to fix your psychiatric issues.

Right. So how did you kind of come into that, really? By accident? In college, I just wrote a paper on vitamin B three and brain function, and that's how I found orthomolecular medicine and Abraham Hoffer. So that was b.

James Greenblatt
I mean, I know I wanted to go to medical school. I had no concept of thinking about psychiatry, but always interested in nutrition and brain function. Yeah, kind of carried that through. I got diverted for about seven years where I went through psychiatry and child psychiatry and came out as a psychopharmacologist, but quickly realized why I went into medicine and got back into. You joined the cult.

Mark Hyman
For a minute. You joined the cult and then you got out. Is that what happened? Well, as soon as I got in practice, you know, most of what I was seeing with kids with ADHD, and I just realized the stimulants weren't the answer and got back to why I went to medical school. Yeah, it's the same thing happened to me.

I was like a family doctor. I sort of came in as a yoga teacher studying nutrition and really focused on fundamental lifestyle issues, diet and health. I mean, all these books and nutrition against disease that I read in college by Roger Williams and changed my thinking about everything. And I got into medicine and definitely got sucked into the black hole and realized that, jeez, after four or five years of doing this, I wasn't helping people. And I need to go back to the way I was thinking before, and it was powerful.

And in this view, that you shifted your thinking, what were the sort of fundamental root causes that you're finding that account for the magnitude of the mental health crisis we're seeing now and include mental health crisis. I include Add and autism and all these things, eating disorders, all of it. Yeah. I mean, the challenge 30 years ago and the challenge today is that it's complex. So everything you mentioned that you look at as a functional medicine doctor plays a role in mental health.

James Greenblatt
And then we throw in strong genetic vulnerability, we throw in stress and trauma, and each patient, even though they have the same diagnosis, ten kids with ADHD, we're looking at ten different causes. So the only path to really finding a personalized treatment plan is the objective testing that is just doesn't happen in traditional psychiatry. It's just symptomatic based medicine and you just throw the dice. Maybe it'll work, maybe it won't. Yeah, I mean, that's such an important point, because traditional psychiatric diagnosis is just based on describing symptoms.

Mark Hyman
If you have these symptoms, it means you have this diagnosis. If you have low energy, if you're sad and hopeless and helpless and you cry all the time and you don't want to eat and you can't sleep, and you have no interest in sex, oh, you're depressed. That's what's wrong with you. That's the cause of your symptoms. No, it's not the cause.

It's just the name of those symptoms, not the cause. And so how do you navigate to the cause? Take us through the thinking that you have. When someone comes in with depression, let's say, how do you unpack that for them? Like you said, there's ten people with depression, or 100 people.

They're all different. How do you begin to sort through the things that are root causes for these patients? The first is working with the individual, utilizing, you mentioned Roger Williams, a concept of biochemical individuality. Everyone's different. So I think when patients hear that, they're hopeful and that we're going to look objectively at what's going on.

James Greenblatt
And so it's that functional medicine workup. It's looking at hormones and minerals and it's understanding the gut. So it's a big objective laboratory workup for step one. And I think what's missed in the functional medicine community a lot is step two and three, because, yeah, you might get b twelve deficiency and you might get hypothyroidism and they'll feel better. But guess what?

They had three generations of depression and there's something else going on biochemically. So there we need then add the second and third layers, and sometimes it's medicine number three. But there are also lifestyle changes or kind of nutraceuticals, nutrients that we can use at higher doses to affect behavior. So it's not just a pure functional medicine workout, it's functional plus. Yeah, totally.

Mark Hyman
I mean, I just think functional medicine is just a way of thinking. And it includes all of it, includes pharmacology, it includes anything that works, whether it's trauma therapy or psilocybin, whatever. It's finding the right treatment for the right person. And if someone's had a deep trauma, you know, it's not, it doesn't just register in their psychology, it registers also in their biology. We know this from the childhood events score, the adverse childhood events score, the ACE score that is highly correlated with not just psychiatric issues, but also autoimmune disease, cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity, you name it.

So the functional medicine perspective is really different because, like you said, we unpack, like, the root causes, diet, you know, exercise, toxins, allergens, gut microbiome, nutritional biomarkers, and even looking at nutritional factors in very different ways, looking at urinary metabolites, looking at various kinds of biochemistry that can tell us, for example, if there's inflammation in the brain. But we also look at genetics. You mentioned this sort of family history that people have of three generations, and now there's a whole field of nutritional and metabolic, psychiatric genetics. So we can see what risk factors you have that predispose you, but that are modifiable. So you're not doomed.

If everybody in your family is depressed, there's stuff you can do about it. Absolutely. Yeah. I mean, there's some clear genetic variants we know, like maybe an MTHFR gene. But as we get more detailed family history, oftentimes we don't know the genes, but we know there are three generations of depression or anger or other mental illness.

James Greenblatt
And it just kind of puts a perspective as to what the treatment model could be and where medications might or might not fit in. So take us through a depression patient, and what would be the things that you're going to start with? What are the things you're going to look for? What are the common things that you're going to find? Because you said it could be anything.

Mark Hyman
There's a great cartoon. I often would use my lectures. It shows a family doctor looking in somebody's ear and goes, hmm, it could be anything. And then the caption is a way too general to practitioner, but there are things that we know that play a big role. So maybe we can sort of start to share.

What are the common things you're seeing in patients who have depression that are modifiable? Sure. I mean, some of the nutritional deficiencies that are pretty common, that any family doc could do, would be vitamin b twelve and d. And vitamin b twelve is a pet peeve of mine. Cause our normal range, the lab slips might say 220 to 1100, and nobody feels well with a level of 220.

James Greenblatt
So there are times we've treated people with severe depression that we're told by their PCB they have normal b twelve and a b twelve shot, and they're on a different path. So some simple nutritional deficiencies. And then we get into gut dysbiosis. So we look at organic acids, we look at trace minerals, hormones, and try to understand what's going on for that individual. One of the more common things that not commonly looked at, particularly for women, I found, is low levels of amino acids, serum amino acids being low, even though they're eating their perfect protein rich organic foods.

Mark Hyman
Why is that? The lack of hydrochloric acid. They're not absorbing it and they're not digesting or absorbing any of the protein, particularly women that have been through stress or trauma. So somehow their digestive system just kind of stopped at some point, years before the depression. Not producing acid, not absorbing amino acids.

James Greenblatt
We do testing and they're just efficient in every amino acid. And that's been common particularly in women. So you give them then what one. Digestive enzymes with acid and just free form amino acids. They feel better in a week, like.

Mark Hyman
Due to specific ones like tyrosine or phenylalanine. All the essential amino acids, five htp or so. Initially it would be all the essential amino acids. So as a blend. And then sometimes we would increase with five htp and phenylalanine.

So this is like a, like a powder. Pre digested amino acids that then just gets absorbed easily without having to go through all that process of breakdown. Absolutely, yeah. Yeah. Simple.

So you see sort of malnutrition and low nutrient levels. Right. Which play a role, again, regardless of diet. People are spending a lot of money eating these perfect healthy foods. And you look at, they're tests and they're malnourished.

Yeah. And there's a lot of things that play a role in mental health. Magnesium, zinc, omega three fats. Right. Copper.

Can you talk about some of those and how they play a role? Sure. I mean, I think omega three is probably the most well researched and dramatic. I mean, it was research from when we were in college looking at omega three and depression, anxiety and suicide risk. The military has actually fortified rations, the US military fortified rations with omega three s to decrease suicide, but it's still not standard practice.

James Greenblatt
So we have more research on omega three s and brain health than any pharmaceutical. Yeah, but it's not standard practice. No, it's not. Just doesn't kind of hit the radar when you walk in the psychiatry office. It's kind of part of that.

Mark Hyman
Tell me about your mother. Alternative medicine, right? It's still alternative even though it's research. So you mentioned the omega three s, the trace minerals. Magnesium is probably the most common deficiency, as you know, and certainly anxiety, depression, adhd, insomnia, cuts across all major psychiatric illnesses.

James Greenblatt
And the zinc copper ratio, most of the time we see elevated copper in kids with hyperactivity, but in depression, sometimes we see very low copper. So it's testing and then treating the objective tests. Yeah. I heard a story from a patient once about their brother. I didn't treat them, but they were living in Europe and the brother had schizophrenia and was pretty bad.

Mark Hyman
And somehow he heard about, or she heard about, or somebody told him about using zinc, and he took high dose zinc and his schizophrenia went away. Have you ever seen anything like that? Fortunately, I've had 1ft in traditional psychiatry. I've always been in inpatients. I've seen the sickest, you know, most mental illness, and we've seen psychosis.

James Greenblatt
Reverse gluten is actually really common. Aggravate for psychosis, vitamin b three, and high copper as well. So there are a number of variables that if we just tested and looked for, we could reverse major. I think that's important. I mean, I've had a bunch of schizophrenic patients, probably not much as you, but I was like, listen, I don't know if I can help you, but let's look and see what we can correct, and let's see how you do.

Mark Hyman
And it's amazing to see how people improve. I mean, in the data literature. I looked at the literature about this because I was curious, but about 17% of people with schizophrenia have celiac disease. Absolutely. And it's undiagnosed.

So, in other words, you get rid of the gluten and they kind of wake up from their psychosis. Yeah, no, I wrote a chapter in Hoffer's book just on gluten and psychosis. Besides the celiac disease, there's other mechanisms. The non celiac. Yeah.

James Greenblatt
And now with all the kind of fuss on metabolic psychiatry and the ketogenic diets, now we have other tools to treat psychosis. So there's information available. It's just not being applied. Regular practice. Yeah, I'm sure you know, Christopher Palmer's work.

Mark Hyman
He's been on the podcast and talked about his work with psychosis and how he accidentally cured a schizophrenic patient by putting him on a ketogenic diet for weight loss. And his psychosis went away, and he wrote a book about it called brain energy, and he's been out there, which is fantastic. And it was funny because I had him on the podcast, I said, you know, this sounds a lot like what I wrote my book, like 15 years ago. He's like, and I said, you might want to check it out. And he emailed me back a few weeks later.

He's like, listen, I'm so sorry. I promise I didn't plagiarize anything. I'm like, no, it's okay. This is just how the body works. Everybody's going to figure it out eventually.

Like, it's not rocket science, but it's definitely not medical practice. And the good news is that the information that you and I have been talking about for 30 plus years is now seeping into academic medicine. Yeah. So there are metabolic clinics at Stanford for psychosis. Maclean is starting one now.

James Greenblatt
So it's getting there. I'm optimistic. This is amazing. But again, I would kind of worry that they're going to get short sighted again because they go, oh, it's just a ketogenic diet. And that's the solution.

Mark Hyman
No, it's not. It's all these other things. Cause you can do a ketogenic diet and if they have high levels of heavy metals or they're guts a mess or they're having massive nutritional deficiencies, that's. Been my pet peeve. From psilocybin to ketogenic diets, these are tools, they help.

James Greenblatt
But if you're not looking at the big picture, you're going to miss something. Yeah, I think that's important. And I think the whole theory now, I sort of start off with this concept of the madness of civilization and the different epochs in history where we had a different view of mental illness and now it's shifting to another view. I think this is closer to reality. You know, I think it's a much closer view of actually what's happening.

Mark Hyman
Because historically our tools have been just really bad for mental health. Right. We have therapy, we have some drugs which work a little, but not that great, you know? Yep, you're schizophrenic. It'll help put you in a zombie state.

But, you know, the chemical straight jacket we call it, but it's not really solving the problem. The problem, you know, over the years for me in teaching this material, it's not simple. You know, I make jokes. You know, I should have been a hand surgeon, you know, to, to learn six inches of the body. Yeah.

James Greenblatt
Versus. We don't know much about the brain. The complexity of the human body is infinite and it's impossible for any one person physician to understand, even if you're Einstein or, you know, the smartest doctor on the planet who's won 55 Nobel prizes. You're still never going to be able to figure out the infinite complexity of the human body. Theres 37 billion trillion chemical reactions every second.

Mark Hyman
Youve got 100,000 petabytes of data in your microbiome. Youve got thousands and thousands of metabolites, youve got tens of thousands of peptides. I mean theres just so much going on all the time that its almost impossible to really understand it. But I would say using principles, theories, laws of nature, which I think is what functional medicine attempts to do, is really describe the laws of nature. When it comes to human biology, we can start to do things that work even if we dont completely understand them.

Right. We can help people improve their microbiome by changing their diet, by giving them prebiotics, probiotics. We can get rid of bad stuff, maybe give them antibiotics for sibo or any fungal treatments. And it improves our overall brain health and mental health and well being. So we may not actually understand everything about it, but we can still do it and it still works.

Which is kind of exciting. You don't. It's not like we have to. Oh my God, I have to understand everything. And then we can start to apply this, we can apply it right now and end suffering for so many people.

What I'm really seeing now, and this is worrisome to me, is this, this explosion of psychiatric issues and illnesses, of attention issues of autism, of violence, aggression, behavior, suicide, the whole spectrum. And it just seems like it's more and more and more than it was 50 years ago. And I wonder if you have any insight because you've been in this for about that long. What's changed? And is this really true that it's all increasing?

Is it better detection or is it actually that more people are messed up? I think it's clearly increasing. The good news is people now talking about it, but I think absolutely rates of childhood major mental illness, from eating disorders to ADHD, it's increasing. And I think the factors are broad. I mean our diets are the ultra processed foods that are now catching up with us for the last 30 years, has profound implications for child mental health, social media.

James Greenblatt
I don't see it as the cause. I use the term the gasoline on the fire, so I don't think it's causing it, but it's kind of the gasoline on the fire and then all the environmental things that bind nutrients. A lot of my interest has been with the trace mineral lithium, thousands of hair tests of kids with lithium. When I started I'd get like 25, 30% undetectable lithium in the hair. Now I'm seeing 75%.

Mark Hyman
Wow. So I don't know if it's the bottled water. We're not getting lithium from our natural tap water sources or other environmental things binding it, but I believe that's a factor. So between the environmental toxins, between the malnutrition, the sugar, the kind of, I believe the genetic vulnerability catching up with us, it's just a kind of perfect storm that has resulted in kind of this mental health crisis. Although I always stress that I'm tired of hearing the term mental health crisis because I think the better term is for us, it's a crisis of care.

James Greenblatt
It's the model because it is treatable. It's not just numbers going up. Yeah. I think this is so important, and it's hard for people to understand the power of this approach. Okay.

Mark Hyman
Take a little vitamin here, change your diet there maybe to do this or that and it'll help, but we're talking about radical shifts in people's biology that affects their depression. I mean, I, I remember one patient I had who had really severe depression. She also had really severe weight issues and gut issues and a million other things going on. And it turned out she had really high levels of mercury. And we treated her and her all her symptoms went away.

Her depression went away. Now, most psychiatrists are not checking for mercury. They're not checking your poop test, they're not checking your vitamin levels. They're not looking at know, your hormones probably, maybe theyll look a little bit of thyroid. If youre thyroid slow, theyll give you a t three.

But its kind of not even on the radar. Im just so blown away by the degree of improvement in some of these patients, and im sure youve seen the same thing. I wonder if you maybe share a few stories of some of your cases over the last years and what you found to be so kind of mind blowing.

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James Greenblatt
These are particularly children who were put on a trajectory of major mental illness, you know, inpatient hospitalizations, multiple medications. And once you're on that path, it's hard to get off that train. Yeah. You know, I have a bunch of cases with just celiac disease. So chronic malnutrition from age six to age twelve is gonna, for some individuals, result in major mental illness, anxiety, depression, and just treating the celiac disease, those symptoms get better.

So my favorite stories are kind of these irritable, aggressive kids kicked out of private schools, you know, schools that are getting a lot of money from a parent, and low dose nutritional lithium kind of was the answer. They have a family history of major mental illness. They're aggressive, they're irritable, and just small amounts of nutritional lithium was enough to kind of keep them behaving. So, like, behavior issues, ADHD, and these. Were kind of more severe, but they were ADHD, but the impulse control was such where they would hit other kids.

Mark Hyman
Little violent kids. Yeah, little mini sociopaths. Well, no, they felt bad. The sociopath wouldn't feel bad. These kids would, and then they'd feel terrible.

James Greenblatt
They just couldn't control their impulses. But these tiny amounts of nutritional lithium, they were able to kind of inhibit that aggressive impulse and be able to actually get back in school. It reminds me of a case I had who had severe behavior problems. He was twelve years old and been kicked out of kindergarten for being disruptive and was on Ritalin for years and died full of junk food, processed food, just struggling, very, very sick. And also had other issues.

Mark Hyman
He had gut issues and nearly bowel and allergies and headaches and insomnia and anxiety. So he had a whole list of problems, anal itching, and things that most psychiatrists wouldn't pay attention to or care about. But they were all bits of data that were highly important. So things that most psychiatrists would discard as though that's not my domain are actually the answer. Right.

And they're not looking in the right place. And this kid was just such a striking case because we basically put him on an elimination diet, got him on whole foods, replenished the nutrients that he was missing. It was missing everything. Zinc, magnesium, omega three s. He had high trans fats, he had low b six.

I mean, just the whole bucket basically was empty. We got rid of a little lead that was in his system, and we fixed his gut. He had a lot of grow overgrowth of yeast because all the sugar and everything ate. And we kind of cleaned up his gut. And two months later, the mother comes back and shes like, well, my little kids better.

Im like, really? She said, yeah, heres his homework from before and after. Heres his handwriting before and after. And Im going to put in the show notes. I wrote an article about this in a medical journal, and I published it because it was just so compelling and you couldn't read his handwriting.

He had severe we call dysgraphia, which is really bad handwriting. I got mine after medical school, so I don't think I was an early onset condition. But his handwriting in two months went from illegible to perfect penmanship. There was no occupational therapy or handwriting lessons or any of that. It's just his brain went from being completely asynchronous, chaotic, and dysfunctional to functional and coherent.

And he was able to actually not only have better handwriting, but not have add anymore, not have behavior issues, not have any of his other health issues, like his gut issues and his headaches and his skin issues and his allergies all went away. And I was like, wow, this is amazing stuff. And that's kind of what got me to write this book, the accident of this ultra mind solution, and talk to this kid years later. And he graduated from like aerospace engineering or something. We really have a whole generation of kids that are being neglected, in my view, that are being maltreated because they're not actually taking advantage of the current evidence of science.

Because what we're talking about is not stuff we made up, you know, in our garage. It's stuff that's in the literature. Right. It's just not being applied. Right.

So maybe take us through the lithium story, because I think most people might not have heard about this. Uh, lithium sounds like it's something you treat bipolar patients with. It's something that's, we learn in medical school is toxic. You have to measure blood levels and you don't want to take too much of it. And you can get thyroid suppression, and thats like a little bit of a hairy thing when you use it as a doctor.

So can you take us through the difference between therapeutic medication, pharmacologic doses, and nutritional therapy? We mentioned some of the causes. Filtering water thats in our soil, its in our water, but were not getting those. Now, as youre seeing this increase in nutritional lithium deficiency, and we dont think of it as a vitamin or mineral, we need calcium, we need magnesium, we need zinc. Nobody says, oh, you need lithium.

Right? So, in my world and my work is, I'm quite convinced there's such a thing as a lithium deficiency disorder. So, lithium, the story, it goes back, you know, 13.8 billion years, the big bang. So there are only three elements, hydrogen, helium, and lithium, really, in the big bang. So lithium goes way back, and the earth's crust is filled with lithium.

James Greenblatt
So lithium is a natural element, and it's essential for human health in small amounts. And the early studies in lithium in the seventies demonstrated the amount of lithium in the tap water, in our drinking water, varied geographically. If you first studies were in Texas, one part of Texas, high lithium, guess what? They had low rates of suicide and mental illness. Another part of Texas had low lithium.

They had high rates. Interesting. And we've done these studies all around the globe, and the amount of lithium in the tap water predicts exactly rates of suicide, high lithium, low rates. And we can. 15 different countries, millions of data points.

Mark Hyman
So it's a pretty strong correlation. It's not causation, but it's a pretty strong correlation. Right. And so it's an essential mineral, and I'm convinced that genetics, some people need more. And also, nobody's drinking tap water anymore.

James Greenblatt
We don't get a lot from our food. Most of it was from the water. So that small amount of lithium, two micrograms milligrams a day, might be what we need, as some people estimate. Many people aren't getting it. Yeah, there was a day when tap water was safe to drink.

Mark Hyman
Not anymore. We never had a bottle of water. I was like, you just drank the tap water. Those individuals with family histories of addiction, aggression, bipolar, I believe those families have just a higher need for lithium, and if they're in the wrong geographic area, they're going to have symptoms. So, small amounts of what we call nutritional lithium, one, two milligrams, can have major implications for mental health.

One or two milligrams. I start at one or two, maybe go up to ten or 20 milligrams. In medicine, when we use it for bipolar disease, like 300 or 600 milligrams or 1800, right? Yeah, yeah. So six to 1800 it is toxic, does have side effects, affects thyroid and kidney.

James Greenblatt
So as psychiatrists, we shy away from prescription lithium, but as functional docs, we should be thinking about low dose nutritional lithium. And how do you measure, because a blood test that you can do, or do you have to do a hair analysis? Hair analysis is, I find, the most helpful. There should be no blood level of lithium for any of us. So blood tests aren't going to help.

So a hair test, we all should have a little lithium in our hair. And you'll see many individuals have undetectable lithium. So normally, when you have something in your diet, a mineral, it gets excreted in the hair, whether it's heavy metals like mercury or minerals. So a hair test can check for minerals, it can check for metals. So it's a very useful tool.

Mark Hyman
We don't use it much in medicine. Oh, a little bit. 30 years ago, I wouldn't get up in front of my colleagues and talk about a hair test, but now it's so essential to my practice. As a child psychiatrist, I'm very comfortable talking about looking both at heavy metals. Lithium, magnesium, copper.

James Greenblatt
Zinc. Yeah. I mean, there was a Gemma article published years ago about President Andrew Jackson, and the article was basically talking about how crazy he was and how they found a bunch of his hair and they analyzed his hair, and in his hair, they found high levels of mercury and lead, which makes you crazy. Sure. And the mercury came from a remedy that was used for almost everything back in the 18 hundreds, called calomel, which was a memory for infections and for pretty much everything.

Mark Hyman
So Lewis and Clark took across the country, and also he was a bit of a hothead, and he would get in all these duels and get all these lead buckshot in him. So the lead from the gunshots and the mercury made him a little nuts. So that was Andrew Jackson, but that was a hair test that they published in JAMA. So it's not that medicine doesn't understand that these things are in hair. What is the level of evidence around lithium use and the issues around mental health?

Are there any clinical trials? Is it all population based data? What do you know about the data on this? We have a lot of literature on the psychiatric doses being helpful for dementia, as well as aggression, irritability. And we have a lot of epidemiological data, extensive on these trace amounts in the water supply.

James Greenblatt
So we know, again, suicide risk, dementia risk, aggression based on how much is in the water. There has not been a lot of studies on low dose nutritional supplementation. There's a few based on research looking at dementia and Alzheimer's, so low dose preventing cognitive decline, and a few looking at addiction treatment. You know, in medicine, we have kind of a snotty view of anecdotes. We call them anecdotes, but, you know, they're also addict data, and they're also what we call nf one studies, where, if you have a person and you do something, and they're their own control.

Mark Hyman
And, of course, placebo plays a role and a lot of other factors. But, you know, tell us some of the stories about cases where you found significant deficiencies. Like you mentioned. Add what has been the clinical outcomes from using these low doses of one to five milligrams. I think the term that cuts across all major psychiatric illnesses and many of us would be the concept of irritability.

James Greenblatt
So, to me, that is the symptom that lithium helps. I've seen a woman came to see me for depression. She couldn't get off her antidepressant. She was an alcoholic. Family history of alcoholism.

While we were waiting for the testing, because of her family history, I just gave her five milligrams of lithium. When she comes back in the office to go over the testing, she just started crying. Really? Why? Because she, one, felt so good.

The five milligrams of lithium. She said she didn't realize how angry and nasty she was to her adolescent daughter and her husband. Wow. But just that five milligrams of lithium completely took that away. And again, wouldn't be for everybody.

But we have found, actually, I learned this from Jonathan Wright 40 years ago. Those with family history of addiction particularly responsive to this low dose lithium. Really, it's such a benign treatment, and it's so inexpensive, like, literally pennies a day. Right, right. No blood level, no side effects.

Mark Hyman
How does it work? Do we know how it works? It's fascinating, actually. There are hundreds of mechanisms, you know, both affecting genes, second messengers affecting neurotransmitters. I mean, really, the list of 20 or 30 mechanisms that we've identified over the years.

James Greenblatt
And which mechanism is the answer? It's hard to tell. I mean, lithium increases bdnf, brain derived neurotrophic factor, both the genetic synthesis, as well as rates in the serum. And so we have literature supporting it. That's amazing.

Mark Hyman
And you also talk about lithium as a treatment in the Alzheimer's area, the prevention. Yeah. And again, we've known prescription lithium. Those with bipolar taking at less dementia rates, started looking at low dose lithium. We have one, two, there's some four year studies.

James Greenblatt
It prevents cognitive decline. Wow. There are biotech companies looking at drugs that are called gsk three inhibitors. Right. And lithium is a gsk three inhibitor, so it kind of prevents some of the buildup of these tau proteins and things.

Mark Hyman
It seems like a hair analysis, which is pretty inexpensive and easy to do and non invasive, should be part of every psychiatric practice. I would think so. It's certainly my recommendation. I mean, we have so many tests as functional medicine doctors, but I do think there are a core set of four or five tests that should be done on every psychiatric patient to be able to kind of start, I have prostate. What are yours?

James Greenblatt
Mine for psych patient would be cryptopyro. Ah, amino acid, fatty acid, organic acid and hair test. Besides the routine, you know, lab core requests b twelve and d and all that stuff. Yeah, and omega three fats and celiac gluten. Absolutely.

Mark Hyman
That's up there. So you just mentioned a bunch of stuff that probably most people have never heard about, amino acid testing, organic acid testing, cryptopyro testing. These are things that are pretty common in the functional medicine world, but that are not part of standard medical practice. If you go to your doctor after you listen to this podcast and ask for can I always have a cryptopyro test or get a gas test, theyll look at you like youre from another planet. How a psychiatrist or someone in the mental health field can start to learn.

James Greenblatt
About this, its challenging, and thats why we started psychiatry redefined. So its really set up for professionals to, it's kind of a two year training program because it does take time to help them understand some of these tests and to interpret them and then how to treat patients. Because, you know, our psych patients are sometimes challenging for lots of reasons, so we can't just throw 20 supplements at them. So there is an art and a science to it. So, you know, many of the lab companies offer trainings, but it's not focused on mental health.

So, you know, wasn't on my plan to be teaching this some years ago, but there just wasn't enough out there. Nutritional functional medicine, psychiatry is something that, it's such a gap in the, in the field of medicine, and there are just a few people doing it now. I, I'm just stunned at how effective it is. You know, its one of those things in medicine where youre like, wow, this is just short of a miracle. I hate to be hyperbolic about it, but if you kind of check out Doctor Greenblatts books and read my book, ultra mind solution, youll just hear case after case of miracle stories like, I had a girl who was this violent little girl.

Mark Hyman
She was nine years old, super aggressive, kicked out of class ten times a day, couldnt make it home on the bus without the bus having to stop like ten times, basically almost suspended from school. And she was this beautiful little nine year old girl and she was beating up on her sister and tearing pictures of her family apart, its like kind of a terror. And she didnt have any gut symptoms, but I did check her organic acids and I found this is a urine test, non invasive, easy to do on kids, and she had extremely high levels of bacterial overgrowth and yeast overgrowth. And by the way, for people listening, its kind of shocking to think about it, but, but there's a lot of things that happen in your gut, and those things get translated across your intestinal membrane and get absorbed in the blood and they come out of the urine or you can check them in the blood. So were going to be able to soon look at your microbiome by doing a blood test.

So thats crazy to think about. But I was talking to Leroy Hood, whos the father of systems biology yesterday, and he was going through this and I was like, this is amazing. So this little girl had really high levels. So what did I do for her? I didn't give her, you know, a psychiatric drug to calm her down or some antipsychotic or some nothing to kind of suppress her symptoms.

I just gave her an antibiotic and antifungal and I gave her a little gut repair. And the mother came back a few weeks later and she's like, she's perfect. I'm like, really? You gotta be kidding me. Like, that couldn't have worked.

But it did. And it doesn't mean that every kid like that has that problem. Like we said at the beginning, just because you know the name of the diagnosis doesn't mean you know what's wrong with you. You got to dig and you got to find out, because it's different for everybody. So you just mentioned a word that.

Probably no one's ever heard about, cryptopyrolaria, which is a big gobbledygook mouthful of scientific term that is basically something that has been linked to psychiatric disorders, behavior issues, aggression, autism, add. It's something we don't learn about in medical school, it's something I learned about afterwards, and it's something that we can actually test and treat. So what is this compound? What is cryptopyluria? Why does it occur and what is a cause and how do we begin to think about treating it and testing for it?

James Greenblatt
As you said, it is a simply earned test that I believe has profound implications for mental health. The problem for me, it's one of the few things that I teach now, I don't have a lot of research, but I have thousands of clinicians and my 30 years with clinical experience that if we can detect this chemical in the urine. We know that these individuals are going to be functionally deficient in two nutrients, b six and zinc. So this some kind of pyro molecule. Most people don't have high amounts.

If you do, it binds b six and zinc, and both are critical for mental health. B six for neurotransmitter synthesis, zinc for hundreds of enzymes. So over time, the depletion of b six and zinc, we see symptoms from anxiety, I've seen depression, I've seen paranoia, I've seen actually, every psychiatric symptom. It doesn't always is the answer, but until we treat it, we can't treat anything else. Yeah.

So again, it's an inexpensive test. Implications are profound. We give b six and zinc, and some of these kids have tremendous. Or just the zinc is pretty normal, 30, 60 milligrams. The b six we can actually push up.

It's much higher than I might normally, so it could be 5100. I've been up to 400 milligrams. Again, it's such a simple test. We just make sure it goes down. And under stress, we can see individuals will produce more cryptopyrole, so they can kind of modulate stress by taking more b six and zinc.

Mark Hyman
So what caused it? Is it a genetic thing? Is it acquired somehow by what you're doing or eating or. We don't know. I mean, the kind of word, you know, in the community is it's likely genetic in terms of how we produce it.

James Greenblatt
And the, and then under stress, it just gets higher. But it is a screening test on every individual. What effective is the treatment? I mean, does it really work when. You give these most traumatic b six and zinc?

Now, it might be, might have an ADHD keto, might have elevated cryptopyro, high copper and low magnesium. So you can't just do the b six and zinc. You're going to give all these. You can't do one thing. You got to do everything right.

Mark Hyman
You got to kind of, it's not the kitchen sink, but it's a very selected group of interventions based on that particular person's findings. And this is really precision psychiatry. It's really where we're all headed. Absolutely. And precision medicine in general, it's not one size fits all.

Okay, you're depressed. Take Prozac, you know, but depression is not a Prozac deficiency. Add is not a Ritalin deficiency. Right. And, you know, we're moving along pretty quickly in oncology and other medical specialties, you know, psychiatry and mental illnesses just really lagged behind that concept of precision medicine.

Yeah. And its exciting to me to see thats actually starting to happen. Like you mentioned, in major academic institutions or departments of nutritional psychiatry, metabolic psychiatry, looking at the microbiome and mental health, I mean, its quite amazing to see the changes happen the last few years. So im pretty excited about it. I think its not fast enough for the amount of people that are suffering, but its pretty cool.

One of the things you work on that I think is really important, and it is a tough condition to treat, which is eating disorders. You know, most people have a view, and this goes back to the original sort of conversation about Michel Foucault and madness and civilization, that eating disorders are a result of controlling parents, and it's the parents fault, and the kids just trying to control the thing that they can control and which is why they starve themselves or they have bulimia. And it's not quite as simple as that. Right. So can you kind of unpack what we know from a functional medicine perspective about anorexia?

And I, and I had a number of these patients early on. It taught me a lot about, about this condition. But what do we know about how to think differently about taking care of these patients in a way that actually helps them? Sure. I think one thing I didn't know when I got in the field of eating disorders is it is the most life threatening psychiatric illness.

James Greenblatt
So eating disorder patients have the highest risk of suicide, highest mortality rate, the same as overdoses. So it's a life threatening illness. And our traditional model, we have no medications and we have no consistent therapy. Remember Karen Carpenter? She was like, probably most of you don't know what that is, but she was like, it was a band way back in the seventies.

Mark Hyman
She had anorexia. She died from it. Yes. And so our model for years was just feeding calories, and they would gain weight and then go home and relapse, and they'd give them junk food, anything to gain calories. And so what we're now understanding, that I'm still hitting, you know, my head trying to get people to appreciate, is, it's pretty clear these individuals are malnourished.

James Greenblatt
I believe anorexia nervosa in particular is a zinc deficiency disorder. It's the clash of puberty. We have a high need for zinc and sometimes a diet deficient in zinc. 67% of kids diet is ultra processed food, which essentially has no zinc or anything else except sugar and processed ingredients. And then we go through puberty, we have a higher need for zinc.

And guess what genetically vulnerable individuals. So what we do know about eating disorder is highly genetic, and then one of the causes is malnutrition, and then this disorder. Now there's clearly other factors, psycho social and social media and parents and pediatricians calling these kids fat or they need to lose weight. There are multiple factors, but what happens is a change in diet, restrictive eating, malnutrition. But is it chicken or the egg?

Mark Hyman
Right. If they don't eat, obviously they're going to be malnourished. But is that what caused them to not eat in the first place? No. So anything might cause them to not eat.

James Greenblatt
I need to lose two pounds or I want to lose weight for this sport. So any form of dietary restriction starts that process. But again, ten kids who go on a diet, only one might develop what we call anorexia nervosa, this unrelenting kind of fear of food. So again, it's a genetically vulnerable individual. Malnutrition, psychological factors, perfect storm.

And it's a life threatening illness. Yeah, and it's really resistant to treatment. So how do you treat this and what's the success rate you're seeing in these patients? Well, the standard of care is somewhere, you know, 50, 60%. I think the programs that I work in at walled in and other programs where we have been able to kind of diversify and look at micronutrients, I think the success is much higher.

And patients I see in outpatient who can really follow a micronutrient repletion plan completely can recover. Thats incredible. I mean, thats a really hopeful story because its one of the most serious psychiatric conditions, and its the whole culture of being afraid of being overweight and body dysmorphia. Its a real thing. It's amplified by our culture, but the underlying kind of place where that lays on top of is a place of all sorts of other factors that are predisposing people, like nutritional deficiencies.

Yeah, there's an underlying genetics, clearly biology, brain's different, everything's different. Part of my goal is just stopping the blame game of parents blaming kids, and kids blaming parents. They can appreciate it as a serious medical illness. There's a path to treatment. One category of mental illness, I don't think really it's been talked about much, is personality disorders, narcissism, sociopathic behavior.

Mark Hyman
I talked about this before in the podcast, but I read a couple of studies about juvenile detention centers in prisons where they swap out the bad food for good food, and there's like 97% drop in violence inside juvenile detention centers, or 56% drop in prisons and 80% if you add a vitamin. Yeah. So what, what about personality disorders? Cause it's kind of a black box in medicine. There's really no good treatments.

There's really no good approaches to it. There's no drugs for it. What have you found in your career as, as a, as a psychiatrist who practices this way that may be helpful for some of these personality disorder patients? Cause I just to kind of back up a little bit, the way we define personality disorders in medicine is, you know, a neurotic person, or neuroses is someone who thinks everybody else is fine. They drive themselves crazy, and a personality disorder thinks they're fine and drives everybody else crazy.

So it's kind of the definition. So if we just separate some of the personality disorders, if we take one that's common, talked about borderline personality, these are individuals who are impulsive, emotional, irritable, angry, labile. So we call it a personality disorder. We say it's just who you are. We can't treat it.

James Greenblatt
But those are all responsive to nutrient interventions, particularly the low dose lithium I talked about, the omega three s I talked about and magnesium that you brought up. So I've seen these personality disorders, some of the disabling symptoms disappear. Mm hmm. Yeah. So in a way, borderline is sort of borderline psychosis.

Mark Hyman
So it's a little bit more extreme, kind of. What about narcissism? Is that also related? Not probably the personality disorder, but maybe some of the symptoms. What if we, again, just took that irritability and quick to anger.

James Greenblatt
So, yes, that might be responsive to magnesium and nutritional lithium, but some of the other kind of personality structure is probably who you are. Well, I'm just so inspired by this conversation because I think that most people have a view, fatalistic view, of mental health issues. If youre a depression, its kind of a terminal illness. If youve anxiety, you just have anxiety. If you have a schizophrenia, well, good luck.

Mark Hyman
If youve autism or add and youve got to live with it. And what youre proposing is a whole new rethinking of psychiatry and reimagining of mental health that redefines it based on our current understanding of how the brain and the body are connected and how everything from nutrition to exercise to our gut health to toxins to our genetics to anything that drives inflammation. Because basically, most psychiatric issues are really about neuroinflammation in the brain, whether it's autism or Alzheimer's or add or depression. We're learning that they're all basically, inflammatory disease of the brain, suicide risk. We know inflammatory markers in the brain predict suicide.

James Greenblatt
We have the research ignored. That's incredible. I mean, and, you know, suicide is a third leading cause of death in teenage boys. So this is a big deal. And what causes inflammation?

Mark Hyman
Mostly our processed food diet and environmental toxins and our screwed up gut microbiome from eating that way. And it's like a, it's like a simple fix, really, if you look at actually what, what's going on, and yet we don't really approach it that way. So your whole, your whole reimagining of psychiatry, you call it psychiatry redefined. I think it's just an incredible gift to the world. I think your work is so important, and I sort of want to sort of close by talking about what you call the plus minus healing plan in psychiatry, because I think it's a useful heuristic or kind of rule of thumb to use to think about how we start to approach people with pretty much any disease.

But we're talking here about mental health. Yeah, that's how we wrote the finally focused, the ADHD book, how to explain functional medicine to a parent. Yeah. And so we just came up with this plus minus plan. Plus, meaning what things do you need to add?

James Greenblatt
And that could be everything from nurturing to magnesium to other phytochemicals. And then what things do you need to minus? And that could be food additives, ultra processed foods, high copper. And so we just listed ten things, plus minus help them kind of with a guide of how to test and then how to treat. But I just think it was a simple framework to help parents really appreciate that there are things that might be contributing to their kids symptoms.

Mark Hyman
Yeah. It's very, very similar to my mentor, who I'm sure also you learn from as well, Sidney Baker. Oh, absolutely. Who is, I think, one of the unsung heroes of modern medicine has really came up with a lot of the fundamental, I'll say, concepts or heuristics or frameworks to think about complex chronic illness. Yes.

And he said, you know, you have to think about what you need to get rid of and what you need to get. Right. So you get rid of the bad stuff, and you put in the good stuff, and the body knows what to do, so you don't actually have to understand it all. You just kind of have to go hunting for what's the bad stuff and get rid of it and have to go hunting for what's the good stuff and add it and what's missing. Right.

The stuff that's missing. And there's basically ingredients for health and impediments to health. And if you remove the impediments, you add the ingredients. The body is pretty smart. And even if we don't know exactly how it all works, it works and people get better.

And that's the end of the day. What we care about is helping our patients and helping people and needless suffering. And that, for me, is really what drives me is just the, and I'm just, I'm flooded every day with requests for help because of what we do. And I'm like, God, this is so easy to solve and nobody's helping you. And I'm so sorry.

And, yeah, I'll try. And they come to my practice, they'll join us. Center. It goes you where you practice at Walden, which is a psychiatric treatment center. People can get this help, but it's far and few between.

It just really needs to be developed at scale. So if you're out there listening and you're a mental health professional, if you're a psychologist, a psychiatrist, a counselor in any space, this is something you should pay attention to. And check out Doctor Greenblatt's work. Go to psychiatrydefined.org, comma. You can take the courses.

The reality is a lot of this stuff doesn't require any kind of sophisticated treatment other than, like, diet, lifestyle, and sometimes supplements that can be very helpful. So the basics actually are quite simple to implement. Like you say, take out the bad stuff, put in the good stuff, cross your fingers, see what happens. Now, it's not going to fix everybody, right? You're still going to have to then go digger.

And that's when you need help from somebody like you or me who can really dive deeper into the story and figure out what the issues are and do deeper diagnostic testing. But I'm curious how you're received now in terms of your work around the psychiatric community. Are they welcoming now? Are they dismissive? Are they curious?

Are they like, I don't know, I'm busy, don't bother me. Well, I mean, I've kept my 1ft in traditional psychiatry by treating anorexia for 25 years because I could talk about zinc and fatty acids because everyone was malnourished. But I would say the last five years, I've been doing more talks for traditional psychiatrists, big psycho farm conferences and hundreds of docs. And it's been amazing to me. I've been talking about this, and they're asking questions about themselves and their families.

James Greenblatt
Yeah, of course they're not realizing that they could utilize this information to treat their patients. Right. But at least the traditional psych world now clearly is ready for the information. Yeah, yeah it is. It seems like its a very auspicious time where things are actually starting to shift and change and the paradigm shifting and the convergence of systems biology and diagnostic testing and ability to actually track whats going on.

Mark Hyman
I co founded a company called Function Health, which allows people to get access to their own data and their own lab testing. So a lot of things youre talking about, we measure, right, we measure metabolic health, we measure nutritional things like b twelve and methyl acid and vitamin D and magnesium and zinc. Just standard, right, copper. We look at it and we can also look at omega three fats. So a lot of things that you're talking about we do.

And I think it allows people to start to have agency and ownership over their own health and become the CEO of their own health and be guided by simple insights that could be helpful. So it's super exciting. I think people can check out your book functional medicine for antidepressant withdrawal. You have another one called finally focused, the Breakthrough natural treatment plan for ADHD that restores attention, minimizes hyperactivity, and helps eliminate drug side effects. You've got a psychiatry redefined fellowship and ADHD intensive for practitioners.

Could have just kind of sailed off into the sunset and relaxed playing golf somewhere. But you're working hard to make sure that all the amazing wisdom that you've accumulated through decades, literally almost half a century of practice and learning, are accessible to the next generation of practitioners, and they're going to help millions of people. So thanks so much for your work and what you've done. Any final thoughts? No, I think we hit a lot and I think we've said it a couple of times, but I think the most important thing in functional medicine for psychiatry is everyone's different, and we really need to kind of provide the path for hope as we look for what's going on with that individual.

Yeah. So I would say if you're out there listening, hope is really the word I would leave you with, which is despite what you may think and what you've been told by the traditional psychiatric world, there are a tremendous number of things that you can do and learn about and get help for that are outside the box, that are really not outside the box, that are in the scientific literature, but they're not in the practice, they're not in the clinic. You can learn more about it. You can check out my book Ultra mind solution. We're going to put all this in the show notes.

So thank you all for listening today to this conversation with Doctor James Greenblatt. Thank you. Thanks for listening today. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family. Leave a comment on your own best practices on how you upgrade your health and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts and follow me on all social media channels at Drmarkheiman and we'll see you next time on the doctor's pharmacy.

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This podcast is separate from my clinical practice at the Ultramona center and my work at Cleveland Clinic and Function Health, where I'm the chief medical officer. This podcast represents my opinions and my. Guests opinions, and neither myself nor the. Podcast endorses the views or statements of my guests. This podcast is for educational purposes only.

This podcast is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. This podcast is provided on the understanding that it does not constitute medical or other professional advice or services. If you're looking for your help in. Your journey, seek out a qualified medical practitioner. You can come see us at the Ultra Wellness center in Lenox, Massachusetts.

Just go to ultrawellnesscenter.com dot. If you're looking for a functional medicine practitioner near you, you can visit ifm.org and search find a practitioner database. It's important that you have someone in your corner who is trained, who's a licensed healthcare practitioner, and can help you make changes, especially when it comes to your health. Keeping this podcast free is is part of my mission to bring practical ways of improving health to the general public. In keeping with that theme, I'd like.

To express gratitude to the sponsors that made today's podcast possible.