How do trees help our cities?

This episode explores the vital roles trees play in urban environments, focusing on their ecological and social benefits.

1. Trees significantly improve urban air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen.
2. Urban trees contribute to biodiversity, offering habitats for various wildlife.
3. The presence of trees in cities can reduce the urban heat island effect, cooling the environment significantly.
4. Trees have a profound psychological effect on humans, enhancing mental health by reducing stress.
5. Community projects like the Philadelphia Orchard Project illustrate the potential for urban agriculture through tree planting.

1: Introduction to Urban Forestry

Discusses the general importance of trees in urban settings. Molly Bloom: "Trees transform CO2 into oxygen through photosynthesis, playing a critical role in fighting urban pollution."

2: The Science of Trees

Explores how trees perform photosynthesis and their role in air purification. Melanie: "I always wondered why cities are full of trees; now I know they're not just for beauty but for our health too."

3: Trees and Urban Cooling

Details how trees reduce temperatures in cities through shade and transpiration. Molly Bloom: "Cities with more trees can be cooler by up to three degrees compared to those without."

4: Psychological Benefits of Trees

Covers how trees help reduce stress and improve mental health in urban populations. Melanie: "Just looking at trees can make us feel less stressed."

5: Community Impact

Focuses on the Philadelphia Orchard Project and its role in providing fresh food and green spaces. Sharon Appiah: "Fruit trees bring beauty and utility to the community, changing landscapes and lives."

• Plant a tree in your local community to contribute to urban greening.
• Participate in local urban forestry projects to learn about and advocate for more green spaces.
• Reduce reliance on cars by walking or cycling to help decrease urban pollution.
• Support local policies that promote urban greening and sustainability.
• Engage in community science projects to monitor and report on the health of urban trees.

Did you know that more than half the people in the world lives in cities? The hustle and bustle of a city can be awesome, but cities can also be hot and polluted. Luckily, there’s a solution we can all get behind – trees! Join Molly and co-host Nallini as they learn how these magnificent towering giants make our cities better places to live and help fight climate change. They’ll also visit an urban orchard that grows fruit in the middle of Philadelphia. All that plus a tree-mendous mystery sound!

People

Molly Bloom, Melanie, Sharon Appiah

Companies

Philadelphia Orchard Project

Books

None

Guest Name(s):

None

Content Warnings:

None

Molly Bloom
Today's episode is sponsored by Netflix. Popcorn, brainstorm jokes and trivia for kids. If you're looking for another podcast that requires you and your kids to put on your thinking caps, then try adding popcorn, brainstorm jokes, and trivia for kids to your podcast queue. It's the chart topping kids and family podcast from our friends at Netflix. In every episode, hosts Amy and Dominique bring listeners along as they enjoy a bowl of popcorn, share fun games and jokes, and Quiz one another on their favorite Netflix films and series like Leo, Tales of Ladybug and Cat noir, Unicorn Academy, and many others.

Not to mention that they just released a brand new episode all about dinosaurs and the Netflix series Jurassic Chaos Theory, in which they ask questions like, how well do you really know your dinosaurs? And do you know what the word dinosaur actually means? So check it out. Follow Popcorn, brainstorm jokes, and trivia for kids on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts. This is Amy Poehler.

Amy Poehler
My new movie, Disney, and Pixar's inside out two is coming to theaters June 14, and it's making me feel joy and sadness and anger. Definitely some disgust rose. And I think a little fear, really, but I'm also feeling these new emotions, like anxiety, embarrassment, envy, and ennui. It's what you call the boredom. Okay, that one was weird.

It's gonna be the feel everything movie of the summer. Disney and Pixar is inside out, too, only in theaters June 14. Get tickets now. You're listening to brains on where we're serious about being curious. Brainson is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.

Melanie
Molly? Molly, where are you? Anyone seen a woman with glasses, brown curly hair, and the voice of a charming podcast host? We plan to meet in our favorite park in the city. Psst, Melanie.

Molly Bloom
I'm right here. Molly. There you are. No wonder I didn't see you. You're hiding in the bushes.

Yes. Come over here. I'm coming. I'm coming.

Melanie
Ooh, I like your cargo jumpsuit, Molly. It has so many pockets. Thank you. They're full of emergency snacks, mostly loose craisins and blocks of sharp cheddar cheese. Cheese.

Exactly what you need in emergencies. Ooh, and are those binoculars? Yes, but. Shh. What are we doing hiding in the bushes?

Molly Bloom
I'm tree watching. It's like bird watching, but for trees. Oh, and we're whispering because why? Because I saw some cool bird watchers whispering, and I figured all watchers probably whisper. I don't think the trees will be scared if we talk normally.

Huh. Good point. Okay, hold on.

Don't mind me. I'm doing my tree call. Holy moly. Is that a red mulberry? You mean that giant tree in the middle of the park?

Ruby Guthrie
Yes. My tree calls are getting really good. But that tree's been there this entire time. I gotta snap a pic from my blog, trees r us. Hashtag allaboutthat treelife.

Molly Bloom
Hashtag treefluencer, hashtag red mulberries are my fave.

You're listening to brains on from APM Studios. I'm your host, Molly Bloom, and I'm here today with co host Nelanie from Los Altos, California. Welcome, Nelanie. Hi, Molly. You know, I'm still thinking about that mulberry tree.

Trees are just so magnificent. I agree. I love the sound of the wind through their leaves. Sometimes their bark is smooth, like a white birch tree. Sometimes it's rough and bumpy, like a pine tree.

Each leaf has its own unique design and feel, like oak leaves with their round edges and waxy texture. Or the soft, fan shaped leaves of a ginkgo tree. Trees are truly something to wonder at. And, Melanie, today's episode was inspired by a question you had about them. Yeah.

Melanie
I wanted to know, how do trees help cities? That is a tremendous question. So what made you think of it? I guess I've always wondered, like, why there's so many trees in a certain part of the Bay Area where I live. Because I was in Washington, DC at the time, and when I was there, there was.

There was, like. There was trees, but, like, not as much as where I'm from. Like, there's, like, the big hills in Rancho San Antonio. They're, like, covered in trees and wildlife and, well, it's just really green and, like, it's beautiful. But so is Washington, DC, but not really, like, plant life wise.

There's not as many. So do you have a favorite kind of tree? Yeah, I guess. I like redwood and sequoia trees. I have some of them in my backyard.

Molly Bloom
What? And they're like, yeah. That's so cool. They're huge. Can you describe those?

Melanie
They're really tall. It's like a red stem of the tree that leads all the way to the top, and then there's just, like, leaves just spreading out, like. And it gets smaller and smaller as it goes up. And it's really similar to sequoia trees, except, well, they're really, really tall. Have you ever hugged a tree before?

Molly Bloom
I love to hug trees myself. Yeah, it was really nice. I was at science camp and we had something called an epic journey where you got to do a solo hike. And our field class leader, she would put cards down on a trail to where she was, where we would meet her. And on each card there was something we had to do.

Melanie
And one of the cards, it said, hug this tree. And I did. It was really, it felt nice. It was really bumpy for sure. But I liked it.

Molly Bloom
Have you ever talked to a tree? I think so. Like maybe once or twice when I'm hiking with my parents or my friends just for fun, I'd say, hi, how are you doing? And then I would just wait like a couple of seconds. They're like, okay, have a nice day.

Melanie
And I would just do that continuously down the trail for fun. That makes me very happy. Trees are great listeners, turns out. Yeah.

Molly Bloom
More than half of all people in the world live in cities, including me and Melanie. And cities can be great. There are usually lots of cool places. To visit like museums or different restaurants or fun shops like Marty Munsters cheese Emporium. They have the best emergency cheese this side of the Mississippi river.

Melanie
And the cities are filled with lots of different people. Yeah, theres a real hustle and bustle. But there are some not so great things about cities too. There can be a lot of cars and traffic.

Molly Bloom
And all those cars and trucks release pollution into the air. One of the biggest kinds of pollution in our air is called carbon dioxide. Or CO2 for short. CO2 is one of the gases thats causing climate change today. One of the main effects of climate change is that the earth is getting warmer and warmer.

Thats happening because were releasing lots of CO2 into the air. Once its in the skies, it traps heat and that causes the planet to warm up over time, almost like a big blanket. CO2 is released into the air when us humans burn fossil fuels like gasoline in our cars. But thats where trees can come to the rescue because trees are super. No doubt.

Ruby
Did somebody just say no doubt? Cause im just a tree. Id rather be green cause I do lots of growing at night. It's brains on producer Ruby Guthrie. Cool cargo pants, by the way.

Molly Bloom
We totally match. Oh, they're the best. And Gwen Stefani approved. Yeah, I'm just a tree. I guess I got lots of leaves.

Ruby
All the better to photosynthesize. Wait, who's gonna tell her she's not a tree? I think she knows. Don't worry you two. I totally know I'm not a tree.

But I really wish I was because trees are so cool. Almost as cool as whispering or xylophones.

Melanie
Whoa. Did you just pull a xylophone out of your cargo pants? Maybe. Yes, definitely. What could I say?

Ruby
I love a good pocket. Wow. Those must be some deep pockets. But back to the trees. Melanie and I were just talking about how awesome they are.

Trees are indeed awesome. Dare I say iconic? Oop. Spoiler alert. I dare.

But trees arent just awesome to look at. Theyre also awesome helpers, like the dish sponges of the earth. Theyre great at cleaning up. Tell us more. Trees, like all plants, take in CO2 gas, including some of that CO2 thats causing climate change.

And with the help of some sunlight and water, trees can turn that CO2 into oxygen. Oh, yeah. Plants breathe in CO2 and breathe out oxygen. And us humans love oxygen almost as. Much as we love ranch dressing or whispering or punctuating our sentences with little xylophone sounds.

Molly Bloom
Like this. Okay, so plants to take in CO2 and put out oxygen, right? This process is called photosynthesis. Thats fun to say. Photosynthesis.

Melanie
Trees help clean our air, thanks to photosynthesis. Thanks, trees. And thanks, photosynthesis. Trees also help clean up other types of pollution, even super tiny pollution particles, like microscopic bits of dust, dirt and smoke that mix with the water in our air. Sounds like the worst kind of microscopic smoothie.

Ruby
Yes, nobody wants a dirty, smoky pollution smoothie floating around in the air. But thats exactly what these tiny pollution particles are. But they come from all sorts of stuff, from construction to factories to cars. So how do trees help tree branches. And leaves catch these tiny pollution particles?

Kind of like a lint roller. When it rains, those pollution particles wash off the leaves and drain into our sewers. Which is much better than having all that pollution smoothie hang out in the air for us to breathe in. We want our air and wind to be pollution free. Oh, speaking of wind.

Ta da.

Melanie
Ruby, where did you get those wind chimes? Uh, my cargo pants, of course. They're like the Mary Poppins purse of pants. I even keep emergency fresh breezes in this pocket. Check it out.

What else do you have in there? Oh, the usual. My xylophone, mallets, keys, unopened mail, cherry lip balm, and, of course, emergency cheese. I wish I had pockets for emergency cheese. Oh, wait a sec.

Ruby
I have just the thing. Ah ha. My emergency cargo vest. Its all yours, Melanie. And it has lots of cheese pockets.

Melanie
Thanks, Ruby. Now, were all matching. Yes, and I have so much more to tell you about trees. Ah. My emergency wind is blowing away all my unopened mail.

Ruby
No, I never opened it. What if its fan art? Be right back. Well hear more from Ruby in a bit, I think. But first, I hope your ears are ready to branch out, because its time for the.

Melanie
Mystery sound. Melanie, are you ready to hear the mystery sound? Yes. All right, here it is.

Molly Bloom
What do you think? I feel like I do know. It feels like something's dropping, and then, like, it's like, maybe like when you're cutting wood, like, you put it down on something, and then you bring, like, the saw, and then you just. Nice. And then I used to do woodworking, and then they used.

Melanie
And I used something similar to that. Like, you would just put the piece of wood down, then you just bring it. Put another one. Bring it. Like, it was like.

And I remember that noise, so it was repetitive. I feel like it's. Yeah, I feel like it's like that. Okay, so we're thinking a woodworking tool, a saw, potentially. Do you want to hear it again?

Yeah.

Molly Bloom
What do you think now? It sounds like a cymbal, like on a drum set. But maybe, like, you hit the cymbal and there's another thing. You just step on something and it stops, and then you release, and then. You go, okay, so maybe a drum set.

It's a musical sound. Well, we'll hear it again. Get another chance to guess and hear the answer at the end of the show after the credits. Here at brainson, we love trees, drawing trees, hugging trees, even planting trees. And we want to hear from you.

Yes, listeners, please send us a photo or video of you hugging a tree, or better yet, planting a tree. Share your photos and videos@brainson.org. contact. While you're there, you can send us your mystery sounds, drawings, and questions like this one. Why does our tongue stick to ice?

You can find answers to questions like these on the moment of, um, podcast again. That's brainson.org dot. So keep listening.

Announcer
Brainson Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. And since you're a fan of brains on, we know you'll love the other shows in our universe. Come on, let's explore. And to bring brains on universe. Ooh, so many podcasts.

Molly Bloom
Brains on. Smash. Boom. Best forever ago. Picking up signal.

Forever a history podcast starring joy nolo.

Ruby Guthrie
Flir's gum was so sticky when the bubble popped. It was so hard to get off your skin, you'd have to scrub it off with harsh chemicals. Me loves sticky facts. Zorp signal down quick need forever ago no.

Announcer
Search for forever to go. Wherever you get your podcasts today's, episode. Is sponsored by Netflix. Popcorn, brainstorm jokes and trivia for kids if you're looking for another podcast that requires you and your kids to put on your thinking caps, then try adding popcorn, brainstorm jokes, and trivia for kids to your podcast queue. It's the chart topping kids and family podcast from our friends at Netflix.

Molly Bloom
In every episode, hosts Amy and Dominique bring listeners along as they enjoy a bowl of popcorn, share fun games and jokes, and quiz one another on their favorite Netflix films and series like Leo, Tales of Ladybug and Cat noir, Unicorn Academy, and many others. Not to mention that they just released a brand new episode all about dinosaurs and the Netflix series Jurassic Chaos Theory, in which they ask questions like, how well do you really know your dinosaurs? And do you know what the word dinosaur actually means? So check it out. Follow Popcorn, brainstorm jokes, and trivia for kids on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hi, I'm Christina IO soy Andres, and this is our magical music machine, Boombox. Hi, I'm Boombox. It is so great to be back. Hosting brand new episodes of our podcast. Jamming on the job.

See, we've had so much fun meeting people with different kinds of jobs, and we can't wait to introduce you to even more of them. Listen on PBS kids or wherever you get your podcasts.

Amy Poehler
This is Amy Poehler. My new movie, Disney and Pixar's inside out two is coming to theaters June 14, and it's making me feel joy and sadness and anger. Definitely some disgust rose and I think a little fear, really. But I'm also feeling these new emotions like anxiety, embarrassment, envy, and ennui. It's what you call the boredom.

Okay, that one was weird. It's gonna be the feel everything movie of the summer. Disney and Pixar is inside out, too. Only in theaters June 14. Get tickets now.

Molly Bloom
Ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba. Brains on. Youre listening to brains on. Im Nalini, im Molly, and Im Ruby. And dont worry, I got my mail.

Ruby
It was just a letter from a distant cousin saying we inherited a definitely not haunted castle. No biggie. I also found this triangle. Ring a ding ding indeed. Anyway, today were talking about trees and.

Melanie
How they help our cities. Before the break, we learn that cities are great, but they can be full of pollution. Luckily, trees help clean our air. Their branches trap tiny bits of pollution, and they suck up carbon dioxide and turn it into oxygen. Correct.

Ruby
And they also soak up water during storms. Okay, picture a big storm.

Molly Bloom
Bigger.

Melanie
Im picturing it, its like its raining cats and dogs. Absolutely bucketing when it storms. Trees act kind of like an umbrella, using their leaves and trunks to slow the water down and keep the ground from flooding too quickly. Their roots are also great at soaking up water like a straw. And roots also help hold the ground together, which keeps the soil from washing away.

Wow. So trees can really protect us from these big storms. Yeah. Trees also create shade, which cools down the air and land around them. Some studies show that cities with trees are almost three degrees cooler than cities.

Molly Bloom
Without trees are just so cool. Literally. And thanks, Ruby, for punctuating our sentences with these triangle dings. Really makes it sound like what were saying is special. Oh, of course.

Ruby
All of my hours of triangle practice are really paying off. So, to recap, trees can help protect us from storms, cool us with shade, and they help take pollution out of the air. But theres even more trees are also good for our mental health. Theyre good for our brains. Yep.

Research shows that spending time around trees, or even just looking at them, can help us feel less stressed.

Melanie
Ah, thanks, trees.

Molly Bloom
Oop. Sorry. I got a little carried away with the triangle there. Back in my pocket it goes, Nalani, now that youve heard how trees help cities, what do you think? Anything surprise you?

Melanie
It surprised me that trees branches trap tiny bits of pollution, and then they suck in the carbon dioxide and then they let out the oxygen that we breathe. So it's a win win. Totally. So cool. Trese, what can't you do?

Ruby
Well, apparently they're really bad at returning my calls. But, hey, nobody's perfect. Oh, my gosh. Is that willow? Alternative indie pop star Willow Smith is here.

Molly Bloom
I love her tiny desk concert. No willow tree. I'm like, such a huge fan, I have to get an autograph. Got a blast. Willow.

Ruby
Willow. Bye, Ruby.

Molly Bloom
Trees do so many things for us and our cities. But there's another thing that trees do. They can grow food. Yes. To learn more, we talk to Sharon Appiah.

Melanie
They're the orchard director at the Philadelphia Orchard project, which runs nearly 70 orchards in the city. An orchard is sort of like a farm, but only for trees. Like, imagine a plot of land with rows and rows of trees right in the middle of a busy, bustling city. Right? And fruit trees can be really helpful for cities because they provide fresh food to the people that live there.

Molly Bloom
All of the fruit grown through the project is given to the community for free. Sharon usually works at an orchard in West Philadelphia. It's a big, bountiful green space right next to one of the neighborhood's main streets. You can hear all kinds of sounds in the orchard, like birds and bugs, but also clanging trolleys and joggers going by.

Ruby Guthrie
My name is Sharon Appiah, and I am the orchard director with the Philadelphia Orchard project. This is the learning orchard, which is right in West Philly. It is an example of over 90 fruit and nut trees, over 100 berries and bramble. Sometimes we do a mix of common fruit that people are familiar with. So we'll plant apple trees, plum trees, cherry trees, peaches, apricots.

This is fruit that you'll normally see at the grocery store. And I find that is a great way to draw people in, because these are the fruits that people are familiar with. I believe fruit trees give us so much beauty. They are a way to draw in the community. I think fruit trees are a really cool way.

If you're not someone who's established a relationship with plants or nature, it's a really good start, because they change so much, and so much about being in relationship with people or things is about sticking around to see how they change, and then they also change you, too. And that's beautiful. My hopes for the future are that we are able to plant more fruit trees, because I like to walk, and I ride the public transportation as I see all these empty lots that are filled with trash, or they're just, like, empty and abandoned. And if my biggest, wildest dream could come true, every single lot in the city would have fruit trees.

Molly Bloom
Melanie, have you ever noticed any fruit or nut trees in your neighborhood? Yeah, I actually have. There's a person who lives down the road. They have a big orange tree, and sometimes I see a squirrel, like, almost every other day just climbs up, like this kind of staircase thing that they have and just plucks one and then takes it and leaves, but usually it leaves, like, a big dent in it and just doesn't eat the rest. So what kind of fruit would you like to grow in your neighborhood if you could add some more fruit trees?

Melanie
I really love plums, and I think they're in season right now, so that would be great. I love strawberries, blueberries, blackberries, apples, cherries, grapes, oranges. I love everything. We need to get you some fruit trees. It would be great if all of our neighborhoods were filled with all kinds of trees.

Molly Bloom
Unfortunately, some cities don't have as many trees as other cities. And even in a city full of trees, there might be some neighborhoods with a lot of them and others that hardly have any. Yeah, some people might step outside of their apartment or house, and there's only one or two trees on their entire block. So little green, so little shade, while. Other people walk out their front door and there's an entire park filled with trees.

Melanie
Usually the places with more trees are the same places where people have more money. Neighborhoods of people with less money usually have fewer trees, which means those people have to deal with more pollution and. More heat and leads to more problems for the people that live there. They may have to worry more about keeping cool when its hot out because using air conditioning can be expensive. Plus, air pollution can be really hard on your body, especially your lungs.

Its not fair that some neighborhoods have more trees while others dont. Absolutely. But there are organizations like the Philadelphia Orchard project and others that are working on making more green spaces for everyone. Yeah, and a lot of them need volunteers to help plant trees, which seems like a nice thing to do for a tree considering how much they do for us. If you want to get involved in planting trees in your city, we have resources in our show, notes Molly.

I have an idea. What if we planted a tree right now? I love that idea. Can it be a red mulberry? Definitely.

Molly Bloom
Let's go.

Over half of the world's population lives in cities, and trees help make our cities better. Trees use their branches and leaves to filter out pollution in our air. They also turn carbon dioxide into oxygen through photosynthesis. Trees provide shade and sometimes even food, like cherries. Some neighborhoods have fewer trees than others.

Melanie
But there are lots of folks working on creating green spaces in every neighborhood. That's it for this episode of brains on. This episode was written by Ruby Guthrie and produced by Molly Bloom and Rosie Dupont. Our editors are Sandon Totten and Shayla Farzan. Fact checking by Katie Reuther we had.

Molly Bloom
Engineering help from Stephen Glaze and Josh Savageau, with sound design by Rachel Brees. Original theme music by Mark Sanchez. We had production help from the rest of the brains on Universe team, Anna. Goldfield, Nico Gonzalez Whistler, Lauren Humphrey, Joshua. Ray, Mark Sanchez, Charlotte Traver, Anna Weigel, and Aron Voldasawassi.

Beth Perlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thanks to Vasudevan Krishnamurthy and Vidya Raman. Brainson is a nonprofit public radio program. There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brainson Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes, or head to brainson.org dot.

Melanie
While you're there, you can send us mystery sounds drawings and questions. Nalini, are you ready to listen to that mystery sound again? Of course. Here it is.

Molly Bloom
All right, what do you think now? I still think the same. That there's something like. It's like a woodworking machine. Kind of like you bring the piece of wood, it chops it, then you bring it out and you bring the blade up and you put a new piece of wood, and he just keeps going back and forth like that.

So someone is cutting a bunch of pieces of wood, do you think? Yes, basically. With like an actual contraption, not with like their bare hand or anything. Love it. All right, you ready for the answer?

Melanie
Yes. Here it is. My name is Yuba. I live in Nevada City, California. That was the sound of me pumping up my soccer ball.

I chose that sound because I liked the rhythm of it. I did not expect that. So you did have it right, that there was a rhythm. That's why yuba liked. It was inflating a soccer ball.

Molly Bloom
Have you inflated a soccer ball before? Yes, multiple times. I play on a soccer team, and sometimes my coach, he forgets to fill up the soccer ball, so he just has some of us do it. I don't remember it sounding like that, but maybe it's like a different machine. Yeah, or maybe next time you gotta listen to it.

Is it like a hand pump you use or is it like a. Yeah. Like you just put the, like, needle into the hole and then you just go one, two. Probably. Cause I'm not, like, really paying attention to the noise, but, like, what my coach is saying, so, like, I can pay attention.

That makes sense. All right, you gotta have to listen for that next time. Yeah.

Now it's time for the brains honor roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings and high fives. Charlotte and Aubrey from Escondido, California. Margo from Kansas City. Owen from Zor Tamir, Netherlands.

Emmett from Erie, Colorado. Gabriel from. From Solon, Ohio. Riker from Romulus, Michigan. Jack and Sam from Houston, Texas.

Sylvie from Malmo, Sweden. Kaia and Amelia from Moorhead, Minnesota. Caleb and Alex from Ottawa. Kennedy and Leo from Nebraska. Jameson from Shanji, China.

Rowan from Arden, North Carolina. Everett, Emmett and Elizabeth from Manilas, New York. Harlem and clay from Charlottesville, Virginia. Rodin from Lubeck, Germany. Ashley from Erie, Pennsylvania.

Monty from hunt Coat, England. Vivian and Oscar from Milton, Massachusetts. Vivian and Josephine from Oak Park, Illinois. Atticus from Augusta, Georgia. Anora from Tucson, Arizona.

Cushy from Columbus, Ohio. Ruth from Pittsburgh. Gabrielle, Myla and Samantha from Leewood, Kansas. Toby from Wellington, New Zealand Dowan and Dohoon from Seoul, South Korea Aiden and Julia from Montevideo, Uruguay Luciane from France Josie and Garrett from Fox Lake, Illinois Sebi from London, England Lucida from Bellingham, Washington Milo and Joy from Wichita, Kansas Jasper from Australia Taylor from Los Angeles Harry from Kramlinton, UK Rayleigh from Okinawa, Japan Brody from Castle Rock, Colorado Sammy from Leeds, England Luca from Pennsylvania Pittsburgh, North Carolina Shivam from London, England Mayel from Toronto Frances and Etienne from Seattle Denton from Atholl, Idaho Gavin from Edmonton, Alberta Desi from Orange, California Phoebe from Taipei, Taiwan Leo from Cerritos, California Brad from Westbury, New York Max and Hayes from New York City Alastair from Gold Canyon, Arizona Linney and Percy from Centralia, Washington Sydney from Philadelphia Samara from Charlestown, West Virginia Leo and Gus from Cleveland Ellie and Barrett from North Carolina Tanua from Bangkok and Robert from Lee's summit, missouri.

This is the last episode of the season, but we'll be back in a few months with brand new episodes. In the meantime, please send us your questions, fanart and mystery sounds to brainson.org. Contact thanks for listening.

Hi friends. We want to share some exciting news. Our friends at Forever Go are back with a new season. Forever Go is a history show for the whole family hosted by Joy Dolo. Join Joy as she explores the surprising, ridiculous, and fascinating history of ordinary things.

This season, she'll be traveling back in time to learn all about how wheelchair basketball was invented, why we eat popcorn at the movies, and what humans did with their doo doo before modern toilets. Go. Give it a listen and let us know what you think, and be sure to subscribe to Forever Go wherever you get your podcasts.